Amatara maremare ya Sensor Amatara: Raporo Yisesengura Inyungu Yabongereza

Abacuruzi mu Bwongereza babonye inyungu zishimishije ziturukaamatara maremare ya sensor. Argos na Halfords bagaragara nkabayobozi muri iki gice, bahora barusha abanywanyi amafaranga yinjiza ndetse n’inyungu. Amakuru yerekana ko amatara maremare yerekana amatara atanga imbaraga zikomeye kubicuruzwa byunguka muri rusange. Ibicuruzwa bitanga ibintu byateye imbere, nkibikorwa na sensororo yegeranye, bikurura abaguzi bashaka ibyoroshye kandi neza. Abacuruzi bashyira imbere iki cyiciro batangaza ibisubizo bikomeye byubukungu no kongera ubudahemuka bwabakiriya.

Ibyingenzi

• Urwego rwo hejurusensor amatarahamwe nibintu byateye imbere nka sensor sensor zongera inyungu kubacuruzi bo mubwongereza no gukurura abakiriya b'indahemuka.
• Argos na Halfords bayobora isoko batanga icyitegererezo cyihariye, ubufatanye bukomeye bwabatanga serivisi, hamwe na serivise nziza zabakiriya.
• Abacuruzi baratsinda bakoresheje ibiciro byubwenge, bahuza kugurisha kumurongo no mumaduka, no kwibanda ku guhanga udushya no gutanga amasoko neza.
• Abaguzi bakunda itara rifite ibikorwa bidafite amaboko, urumuri rwinshi, hamwe n’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, bigatuma isoko rikenerwa.
• Abacuruzi bashora imari mu mahugurwa y'abakozi, ibicuruzwa byihariye, n'amahitamo arambye barashobora kongera inyungu kandi bakagaragara ku isoko.

Hejuru-Margin Sensor Amatara Yisoko Incamake

Ingano yisoko niterambere ryiterambere

Isoko ryo mu Bwongereza kurisensor amatarayagize iterambere rikomeye mu myaka itanu ishize. Abasesengura ibicuruzwa bavuga ko agaciro k'isoko karengeje miliyoni 120 z'amapound mu 2023, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'umwaka buri mwaka (CAGR) bwa 8%. Uku kwaguka kwerekana kwiyongera kwabaguzi kubisubizo byamatara byimbere haba hanze ndetse nu mwuga. Abacuruzi basubije mukongera ibicuruzwa byabo no gushora mubikorwa byo kwamamaza byerekana ibyiza byikoranabuhanga rya sensor.

Ibintu byinshi bitera iri terambere. Abakunda hanze, nk'abakerarugendo n'abiruka, bashaka amatara yizewe adafite amaboko. Inzobere mu bwubatsi no gusana nazo zisaba kumurika neza kubikorwa byuzuye. Kwemeza amatara ya sensor mubikoresho byihutirwa no gukoresha urugo byongereye abakiriya. Abacuruzi bavuga ko amatara maremare yerekana amatara ubu afite uruhare runini rwo kugurisha amatara yose, bikagira uruhare runini mu nyungu rusange.

Icyitonderwa: Ubushakashatsi bwisoko bwerekana ko imiyoboro yo kugurisha kumurongo yihutishije iterambere, cyane cyane ko abaguzi bashaka uburyo bworoshye no kugera kumurongo mugari.

Gusobanura Amatara maremare ya Sensor

Amatara maremare ya sensor yerekana amatara yerekana igice kinini mumasoko yagutse. Ibicuruzwa biranga icyerekezo cyimbere hamwe na sensororo yegeranye ihita ihindura urumuri rushingiye kubikorwa byabakoresha nibidukikije. Iri koranabuhanga ryemerera abakoresha kwibanda kubikorwa byabo nta guhindurwa nintoki, kuzamura umutekano no gukora neza.

Ababikora akenshi bakoresha ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge kandi bagashyiramo bateri ndende kugirango bashyigikire ibyo biranga. Abacuruzi bashyira itara nka "margin-margin" mugihe ritanga inyungu yinyungu hejuru yicyiciro cyagereranijwe, akenshi bitewe nibintu byihariye, kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa, cyangwa gutanga ibirango byihariye. Ihuriro ryikoranabuhanga rishya hamwe nimyanya ikomeye isaba abaguziamatara maremare ya sensornkumushoferi wingenzi wunguka kubacuruzi bo mubwongereza.

Abacuruzi bo mu Bwongereza Bunguka Urutonde Rwinshi-Margin Sensor Amatara

Abacuruzi Bambere bo mu Bwongereza ku nyungu

Argos na Halfords bayobora isoko ryu Bwongereza mu nyungu ziva hejurusensor amatara. Aba bacuruzi bubatse icyubahiro gikomeye cyo gutanga ibisubizo bigezweho. Kwibanda ku guhanga udushya nuburambe bwabakiriya byabatandukanije nabanywanyi.

• Argosikora ibarura ryagutse kandi ikoresha umurongo mugari wo gukwirakwiza. Ubu buryo butuma ibicuruzwa biboneka haba kumurongo no mububiko.
• Halfordskabuhariwe mu bikoresho by'imodoka no hanze. Isosiyete ishora imari mu guhugura abakozi no kwerekana ibicuruzwa, bigatuma ibiciro bihinduka.

Abandi bacuruzi bazwi barimo Genda Hanze na Screwfix. Izi sosiyete zaguye imirongo y’ibicuruzwa kugirango zishyiremo amatara ya premium sensor, ariko ntiyahuye n’inyungu za Argos na Halfords.

Icyitonderwa: Abacuruzi bashyira imbere moderi yihariye hamwe nibirango byigenga bitanga akenshi bigera kumurongo wo hejuru muriki cyiciro.

Ibyingenzi Byunguka Abashoferi muri High-Margin Sensor Amatara

Ingamba zo Kugena Ibiciro

Abacuruzi mu Bwongereza bakoresha ibiciro byingenzi kugirango bunguke byinshiamatara maremare ya sensor. Bakunze gushyira ibyo bicuruzwa nkibisubizo bihebuje, byerekana ibintu byateye imbere nibikorwa byiza. Abacuruzi benshi bafata ibiciro bishingiye ku gaciro, bishyiraho ibiciro ukurikije inyungu zigaragara ku baguzi. Ubu buryo bubafasha gufata intera ndende, cyane cyane iyo abakiriya bashaka amatara adafite intoki hamwe na sensorisiyo yegeranye.

Igiciro gihamye nacyo kigira uruhare runini. Abacuruzi bakurikirana ibiciro byabapiganwa kandi bagahindura ibyabo kugirango bakomeze guhatana mugihe barinze inyungu. Kuzamurwa mu ntera hamwe no guhuza bifasha abakiriya kugura amatara ya sensor hamwe nibikoresho bifitanye isano. Aya mayeri atwara impuzandengo yo kugereranya agaciro.

Impanuro: Abacuruzi bahora basuzuma kandi bakavugurura ingamba zabo zo kugena ibiciro akenshi barusha abishingikiriza kubiciro bihamye.

Isano ry'abatanga isoko

Umubano ukomeye wabatanga umusanzu utanga inyungu kubacuruzi muri iki gice. Abacuruzi bambere bayobora ibiganiro byiza nababikora, kugirango babone uburyo bwambere bwo kugera kumatara yanyuma ya sensor. Ubu bufatanye akenshi butanga igiciro cyiza cyo kugurisha, ibicuruzwa byihariye, hamwe no kuzuza ibicuruzwa byizewe.

Abacuruzi bakomeza itumanaho ryeruye nabatanga ibicuruzwa barashobora gusubiza byihuse impinduka zikenewe kubaguzi. Bungukirwa kandi nibikorwa byo kwamamaza hamwe no gushishoza hakiri kare guhanga udushya. Ubu bufatanye bufasha abadandaza gutandukanya itangwa ryabo no gukomeza gutanga itara ryinshi ryamatara maremare.

• Abacuruzi bafite amasezerano yigihe kirekire yabatanga akenshi bakira:
  • Kubona hakiri kare ikoranabuhanga rishya
  • Kugabanuka kwijwi
  • Inkunga yongerewe imbaraga yo gutangiza ibicuruzwa

Icyitegererezo cyihariye kandi cyihariye

Icyitegererezo cyihariye kandi cyihariye cyerekana inyungu nyamukuru kubacuruzi bo mubwongereza. Mugutanga sensor ya amatara adashobora kuboneka kubanywanyi, abadandaza bashiraho icyifuzo cyihariye. Ibicuruzwa byirango byigenga, byatejwe imbere kubufatanye nababikora, byemerera abadandaza kugenzura igishushanyo, ibiranga, nibirango. Igenzura riganisha ku nyungu ndende no kongera ubudahemuka bwabakiriya.

Moderi yihariye ikunze kugaragaratekinoroji ya sensor igezweho, igihe kinini cya bateri, nibikoresho bihebuje. Abacuruzi bamenyekanisha ibyo bicuruzwa binyuze mubukangurambaga bugamije kwamamaza, haba kumurongo ndetse no mububiko. Abakiriya bashaka udushya tugezweho bakurura ayo mahitamo yihariye, kuzamura ibicuruzwa muri rusange no kunguka.

Icyitonderwa: Ikirango cyihariye hamwe nicyitegererezo cyihariye gifasha abadandaza kwirinda irushanwa ryibiciro bitaziguye, kurushaho gushyigikira imipaka ikomeye murwego rwo hejuru rwa sensor ya headlamps.

Mububiko hamwe no kugurisha kumurongo

Abacuruzi mu Bwongereza babonye impinduka zikomeye mu nzira zo kugurisha amatara maremare ya sensor. Byombi mububiko no kumurongo wa interineti bigira uruhare mubyunguka muri rusange, ariko buri muyoboro utanga ibyiza nibibazo byihariye.

Mububiko bwo kugurisha

Amaduka yumubiri akomeje kuba ingenzi kubacuruzi benshi bo mubwongereza. Abakiriya bakunda guhitamo kubona no kugerageza amatara ya sensor mbere yo kugura. Imyiyerekano y'abakozi hamwe n'amaboko yerekanwe bifasha abaguzi kumva ibintu byateye imbere, nka moteri hamwe na sensor hafi. Abacuruzi nka Halfords bashora mumahugurwa y'abakozi kugirango babone serivisi nziza. Ubu buryo bwongerera abakiriya icyizere kandi butera igipimo cyo guhinduka.

Kuzamura amaduka no gutanga ibicuruzwa hamwe nabyo birashishikarizwa kugura impulse. Abaguzi benshi basura amaduka kubikenewe byihuse, nkingendo zumunota wanyuma cyangwa gusana byihutirwa. Abadandaza bungukirwa no kugurisha amahirwe, guhuza amatara maremare ya sensor hamwe nibikoresho bifitanye isano.

Imikorere yo kugurisha kumurongo

Kugurisha kumurongo byazamutse vuba mumyaka yashize. Abacuruzi nka Argos na Screwfix bakoresha imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi ikomeye kugirango bagere kubantu benshi. Imiyoboro yo kumurongo itanga ibisobanuro birambuye byibicuruzwa, isuzuma ryabakiriya, nibikoresho byo kugereranya. Ibiranga bifasha abaguzi gufata ibyemezo byuzuye badasuye ahantu hagaragara.

Imiyoboro ya e-ubucuruzi itanga ibyiza byinshi:

• 24/7 kuboneka kugirango byoroherezwe guhaha
• Kugera kumurongo mugari wicyitegererezo hamwe no kugurisha kumurongo wihariye
• Kohereza byihuse no kugaruka byoroshye

Abacuruzi bakoresha marketing igamije gukurura ibice byabakiriya. Gushakisha moteri ishakisha hamwe nimbuga nkoranyambaga zigaragaza ibyiza byo kumurika amatara maremare, gutwara ibinyabiziga ku maduka yo kuri interineti.

Icyitonderwa: Amakuru aturuka muri raporo yinganda yerekana ko kugurisha kumurongo ubu bingana na 40% byinjiza byose byinjira mumutwe mubwongereza. Iyi myumvire ikomeje kwihuta mugihe abaguzi bashaka ibyoroshye kandi bitandukanye.

Isesengura rigereranya

Imiyoboro yombi igira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo gucuruza. Mu maduka yo kugurisha aribyiza mukubaka ikizere cyabakiriya no gushyigikira ibiciro bihendutse. Kugurisha kumurongo kugurisha no kwagura isoko. Abacuruzi bambere bayobora bahuza inzira zombi, batanga gukanda-no gukusanya serivisi hamwe ninyungu zidasubirwaho kugirango bongere uburambe bwabakiriya.

Ingamba zingana zemerera abadandaza inyungu nyinshi ziva mumatara maremare. Barashobora kumenyera vuba guhindura ibyifuzo byabaguzi nuburyo isoko ryifashe.

Kugereranya Margin Isesengura Hafi y'abacuruzi bo mu Bwongereza

Itandukaniro Ryinshi Mubacuruzi Bambere

Inyungu yerekana amatara ya sensor aratandukanye cyane mubucuruzi bwu Bwongereza. Abacuruzi mubisanzwe bagera ku ntera irenze iy'abacuruzi benshi, bikagaragaza ubushobozi bwabo bwo gushyiraho ibiciro bihebuje no gukoresha izina ryiza. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana inyungu rusange yinyungu igaragara ku isoko:

Abacuruzi nka Argos na Halfords bakorera kumurongo wo hejuru wuru rwego. Kwibanda kubintu byihariye, gutanga ibirango byihariye, hamwe nibicuruzwa byateye imbere bibafasha gutegeka ibiciro biri hejuru. Ibinyuranye na byo, abadandaza bahura n’imipaka ikabije kubera kugurisha byinshi hamwe n’ibiciro biri hasi. Ikinyuranyo cyerekana akamaro k'ingamba zo gucuruza no kwishora mubakiriya mugutwara inyungu.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka zitandukanye

Ibintu byinshi bigira uruhare mu gutandukanya abadandaza bo mu Bwongereza. Ibiciro byo gukora no gucunga amasoko bigira uruhare runini mugushiraho inyungu. Ibyingenzi byingenzi birimo:

• Kuzamuka kw'ibikorwa, cyane cyane fagitire y'imishahara iterwa no kongera imisanzu y'ubwishingizi bw'igihugu ndetse n'umushahara w'igihugu ubaho, biteganijwe ko amafaranga y’imishahara yiyongera kuri miliyari 7 mu 2025.
• Abacuruzi benshi barateganya kuzamura ibiciro, kugabanya amasaha y abakozi, kugabanya umubare wumutwe, cyangwa gushora imari muri automatike kugirango barinde imipaka.
• Gutanga imikorere idahwitse, nko gutakaza no kwiba pallets na totes, bitera igihombo kinini cyamafaranga. Gukemura ibyo bibazo binyuze mu kurinda umutungo no kugenzura ibikoresho bishobora kuzigama miliyoni buri mwaka.
• Kunoza imiyoboro itangwa mugabanya ingendo zimodoka zidakenewe no gukurikiza amahame yubukungu buzenguruka, nko gufunga pallet gufunga, kunoza igenzura no gukora neza.
• Gusa ijanisha rito ryibikorwa byisi yose bigira uruhare mubyitegererezo byubukungu bwizunguruka, bikerekana amahirwe kubacuruzi kugirango bongere imbaraga zo kugemura no guhagarara neza.
• Gucunga neza gutanga amasoko bifasha abadandaza kugabanya umuvuduko wamafaranga, bigafasha kugenzura neza ibiciro no kurushaho kwitabira.

Abacuruzi bashora imari muri automatisation, optimizasiyo ya logistique, hamwe nuburyo bushya bwo gutanga amasoko akenshi bagera ku nyungu zihamye kandi zunguka. Izi ngamba ntabwo zigabanya ibiciro gusa ahubwo inashyigikira irushanwa rirambye murisensor itara ryisoko.

Inyigo: Argos na Halfords mumatara maremare ya Sensor

Argos: Ingamba n'ibisubizo

Argos yigaragaje nk'umuyobozi murisensor itara ryisokomukwibanda kubiboneka nibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Isosiyete ikora ibarura ryagutse, itanga ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane hamwe na moderi yihariye. Argos ikoresha umurongo mugari wa interineti nububiko bwumubiri kugirango igere kubakiriya benshi. Umucuruzi ashora imari mubukangurambaga bwa digitale yerekana ibyiza byikoranabuhanga rya sensor, nkibikorwa bidafite amaboko n'amatara ahuza.

Argos ikoresha isesengura ryamakuru kugirango ikurikirane imigendekere yo kugurisha no guhindura ibarura vuba. Isosiyete ikunze kumenyekanisha igihe ntarengwa cyo kuzamurwa hamwe nibisabwa kugirango wongere agaciro kagereranijwe. Amahugurwa y'abakozi yemeza ko abakozi bo mu iduka bashobora kwerekana ibintu bigezweho kubakiriya. Argos kandi ifatanya nababikora kugirango babone uburyo bushya bwo kubona imiterere mishya, ifasha umucuruzi kuguma imbere yabanywanyi.

Icyitonderwa: Argos ivuga ko kwiyongera gukomeye kugurisha kumurongo, hamwe hejuru ya 50% yo kugura amatara ya sensor ubu biboneka binyuze kumurongo wacyo.

Ibisubizo birivugira. Argos idahwema kuza mubacuruzi bo mu Bwongereza ba mbere ku nyungu no kugabana isoko muri iki cyiciro. Ibitekerezo byabakiriya byerekana kunyurwa nubwiza bwibicuruzwa kandi byoroshye.

Halfords: Ingamba n'ibisubizo

Halfords yegereyesensor itara ryisokohibandwa kubuhanga na serivisi zabakiriya. Umucuruzi azobereye mubikoresho byimodoka no hanze, bihuza neza nibyifuzo byabaguzi ba sensor. Halfords ishora muri gahunda yo guhugura abakozi, kwemeza ko abakozi bashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa birambuye no gusubiza ibibazo bya tekiniki.

Isosiyete ishimangira icyitegererezo cyihariye kandi cyigenga, ikorana cyane nabatanga ibicuruzwa kugirango batezimbere ibicuruzwa byujuje ibyifuzo byabakiriya. Halfords ikoresha mububiko bwerekana no kwerekana demo kugirango ushishikarize abaguzi. Umucuruzi kandi ahuza imiyoboro yo kumurongo no kumurongo wa interineti, atanga gukanda-no gukusanya serivisi kugirango byongerwe neza.

Halfords ikurikirana ibyo abakiriya bakunda kandi igahindura ibicuruzwa byayo. Ingamba z'isosiyete zitanga igipimo kinini cyo guhindura no kongera ubucuruzi bukomeye. Halfords yubatse izina ryokwizerwa nubuhanga, itera ubudahemuka bwabakiriya kandi ishyigikira inyungu irambye.

Ibyerekeye Abacuruzi n'Abaguzi mu Isoko Ryinshi rya Sensor Itara

Amasomo yo Kurushanwa Abacuruzi

Abacuruzi binjira cyangwa bagura murisensor itara ryisokoigomba guhuza noguhindura ibyifuzo byabaguzi hamwe nigitutu cyisoko. Intsinzi iterwa nibikorwa byinshi byingenzi:

• Shyira imbere udushya: Abacuruzi batanga ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere igezweho, nka sensor ya moteri hamwe na terefone igendanwa, bakurura umugabane munini wisoko. Abaguzi barenga 65% bashira imbere uburyo bwinshi bwo kumurika, mugihe 75% bagaragaza ko bashishikajwe no guhuza terefone.
• Kuringaniza Igiciro n'Agaciro: Abaguzi bagera kuri 65% bashaka amahitamo yingengo yimari. Abacuruzi bahura ningorane zo gukomeza inyungu kubera ibiciro byapiganwa. Bagomba kubona impirimbanyi hagati yuburyo buhendutse nibiranga premium.
• Emera Kuramba: Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyabaguzi b’iburayi bahitamo itara rirambye. Abacuruzi babika imiterere y’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, nk’abafite bateri zikoresha izuba, bahuza n’iki cyifuzo gikura.
• Shimangira ubufatanye bw'abatanga isoko: Guhindura ibiciro byibikoresho bigira ingaruka hejuru ya 58% byabakora. Abacuruzi bungukirwa nubusabane bukomeye bwabatanga, bufasha kubona ibiciro bihamye no kubara neza.

Inama: Abacuruzi bashora imari mumahugurwa y'abakozi no kwigisha abakiriya barashobora kwitandukanya no kubaka ubudahemuka.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana muri make ibyo abaguzi bakunda n’ingaruka zabyo ku nyungu z’abacuruzi:

Ingaruka ku Guhitamo kw'Abaguzi

Abaguzi ubu bafite amahitamo menshi namakuru kurusha mbere hose. Iterambere ryihuse ryisoko, hamwe na CAGR ya 10.3%, ryerekana inyungu ziyongera mubikorwa bya sensor igezweho hamwe nibisubizo birambye. Abaguzi barushaho gushakisha amatara atanga ibikorwa bidafite amaboko, itara rihuza imiterere, hamwe nubuzima bwa bateri. Abaguzi benshi batekereza kandi ku bidukikije, bagahitamo ibicuruzwa bifite ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije ndetse n’ibishushanyo mbonera bitanga ingufu.

Abacuruzi bitabira kwagura ibicuruzwa no kwerekana ibintu bishya. Abaguzi bungukirwa nubwiza bwibicuruzwa, byinshi bitandukanye, hamwe nubunararibonye bwo guhaha haba kumurongo no mububiko. Nkigisubizo, abaguzi barashobora guhitamo amatara ahuza neza nibyo bakeneye, haba mubikorwa byo hanze, gukoresha umwuga, cyangwa kwitegura byihutirwa.

Icyitonderwa: Guhindura uburyo burambye hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryubwenge mumatara aha imbaraga abakiriya guhitamo amahitamo agaragaza indangagaciro zabo nibisabwa bifatika.

Argos na Halfords bayobora isoko ryu Bwongereza kumatara maremare yerekana amatara, bigahora bigera ku nyungu zikomeye. Ibyingenzi byingenzi byunguka harimo gutera imbere mumuri yubwenge, gukoresha tekinoroji yo guhuza n'imihindagurikire, hamwe n'inkunga igenga. Abacuruzi bungukirwa nicyitegererezo cyihariye hamwe nuruhererekane rwiza rwo gutanga. Abaguzi bashaka agaciro bagomba gutekereza kubiranga nka bateri zishobora kwishyurwa, imirasire ya moderi, hamwe na ergonomic.

Abacuruzi bibanda ku guhanga udushya no gutanga amasoko neza barashobora kurenza urugero. Abaguzi bagomba gushyira imbere imiterere ihuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere hamwe n'ibikoresho biramba mu guhitamo amatara maremare ya sensor.

Ibibazo

Niki gituma amatara ya sensor “high-margin”?

Abacuruzi bashira asensor amataranka "high-margin" iyo itanga inyungu iri hejuru yikigereranyo. Izi moderi zikunze kugaragaramo sensor igezweho, ibikoresho bihebuje, hamwe nibishushanyo byihariye. Abacuruzi barashobora gushiraho ibiciro biri hejuru kubera ibisabwa bikomeye nibintu byihariye.

Kuki abadandaza bo mubwongereza bibanda kumatara yihariye kandi yihariye?

Icyitegererezo cyihariye kandi cyigenga cyemerera abadandaza kugenzura igishushanyo, kuranga, nibiciro. Izi ngamba zigabanya irushanwa ritaziguye kandi ryongera inyungu. Abacuruzi nabo bubaka ubudahemuka bwabakiriya batanga ibicuruzwa bitaboneka ahandi.

Nigute sensor na moteri yegeranye bifasha abakoresha?

Icyerekezo cyimikoreregushoboza gukora kubusa. Itara rihita rihindura urumuri cyangwa rizimya no kuzimya ukurikije kugenda. Iyi mikorere itezimbere ubworoherane, ikiza ubuzima bwa bateri, kandi ishyigikira imirimo isaba neza.

Ese kugurisha kumurongo cyangwa mububiko byunguka cyane kumatara ya sensor?

Imiyoboro yombi igira uruhare mu nyungu. Kugurisha mumaduka byunguka ibicuruzwa byerekanwe no kugura ako kanya. Kugurisha kumurongo bigera kubantu benshi kandi bitanga ibyoroshye. Abacuruzi bayobora bahuza inzira zombi kugirango bunguke byinshi.