Ihame ry'urumuri rwa LED

Byoseitara ry'akazi rishobora kongera gukoreshwa, itara ryo mu nkambi rigendanwanaitara ry'imbere rifite imikorere myinshiKoresha ubwoko bw'igitereko cya LED. Kugira ngo wumve ihame rya diode led, banza usobanukirwe ubumenyi bw'ibanze bwa semiconductors. Imiterere y'ibikoresho bya semiconductor ikoreshwa mu gutwara umuriro iri hagati y'abayobora umuriro n'abarinda umuriro. Ibiranga byayo byihariye ni ibi bikurikira: iyo semiconductor ikoreshejwe n'urumuri rwo hanze n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwara umuriro burahinduka cyane; Kongeramo imyanda mito kuri semiconductor isukuye byongera cyane ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwara amashanyarazi. Silikoni (Si) na germanium (Ge) ni byo semiconductors zikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho, kandi electron zazo zo hanze ni enye. Iyo atome za silicon cyangwa germanium zikoze kristu, atome zegeranye zirakorana, ku buryo electron zo hanze zisangirwa na atome ebyiri, zigize imiterere ya covalent bond muri kristu, ari yo miterere ya molekile ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kuyigabanya. Ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba (300K), gushyuha gushyuha bizatuma electron zimwe zo hanze zibona ingufu zihagije zo kuva kuri covalent bond maze zikaba electron zigenga, iyi nzira yitwa intrinsic excitation. Iyo electron idashyizwemo imbaraga kugira ngo ibe electron yigenga, hasigara umwanya mu mubano wa covalent. Iyi mwanya witwa umwobo. Isura y'umwobo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi gitandukanya semiconductor na conductor.

Iyo ingano nto y'imyanda ya pentavalent nka fosifore yongewe muri semiconductor y'imbere, izagira electron y'inyongera nyuma yo gukora covalent bond hamwe n'izindi atome za semiconductor. Iyi electron y'inyongera ikenera ingufu nke cyane kugira ngo ikurweho iyo myenda maze ibe electron yigenga. Ubwo bwoko bwa semiconductor y'imyanda bwitwa electronic semiconductor (N-type semiconductor). Ariko, kongeramo ingano nto y'imyanda ya trivalent elemental (nka boron, nibindi) kuri semiconductor y'imbere, kuko ifite electron eshatu gusa mu gice cyo hanze, nyuma yo gukora covalent bond hamwe na atome za semiconductor ziyikikije, bizatanga umwanya muri crystal. Ubwo bwoko bwa semiconductor y'imyanda bwitwa hole semiconductor (P-type semiconductor). Iyo semiconductors y'ubwoko bwa N na P zihujwe, hari itandukaniro mu bwinshi bwa electron yigenga n'imyobo aho zihurira. Electron n'imyobo byombi bikwirakwira mu gice cyo hasi, bigasiga ioni zifite umuriro ariko zidakora zisenya imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'ibanze y'uturere twa N-type na P-type. Utu duce duto duto dufite ingufu zidashobora kugenda akenshi twitwa ingufu z'ikirere, kandi tuba dufatanye hafi y'aho uturere twa N na P duhurira kugira ngo tugire agace gato cyane k'imbaraga z'ikirere, kazwi nka PN junction.

Iyo ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa imbere zishyizwe ku mpera zombi z’aho PN ihurira (voltage nziza ku ruhande rumwe rw’ubwoko bwa P), imyobo n’amashanyarazi yigenga bigenda bizenguruka, bigatuma habaho amashanyarazi y’imbere. Imyobo mishya iterwa nyuma ihurira hamwe na electron yigenga, rimwe na rimwe isohora ingufu zirenze urugero mu buryo bwa fotoni, ari na rwo rumuri tubona rutangwa na fotoni. Ubwo buryo ni buto cyane, kandi kubera ko buri gikoresho gifite icyuho gitandukanye, uburebure bw’ubugari bwa fotoni zisohoka buratandukanye, bityo amabara ya fotoni agenwa n’ibikoresho by’ibanze byakoreshejwe.