Ihame rimurika rya LED

Byoseurumuri rwakazi rusubirwamo, urumuri rwo gukambikanaamatara menshikoresha ubwoko bwa LED. Kugira ngo wumve ihame rya diode yayoboye, banza wumve ubumenyi bwibanze bwa semiconductor. Imiterere yimyitwarire yibikoresho bya semiconductor iri hagati yabatwara na insulator. Ibiranga umwihariko wacyo ni: iyo igice cya semiconductor giterwa numucyo wo hanze nubushyuhe, ubushobozi bwacyo bwo kuyobora buzahinduka cyane; Ongeraho umubare muto wumwanda kuri semiconductor isukuye byongera cyane ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi. Silicon (Si) na germanium (Ge) nibyo bikoreshwa cyane mu bice bya elegitoroniki bigezweho, kandi electron zo hanze ni enye. Iyo atome ya silicon cyangwa germanium ikora kristu, atome zegeranye zikorana nizindi, kuburyo electron zo hanze zisangirwa na atome zombi, zikora imiterere ya covalent bond muri kristu, ikaba ari molekile ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukumira. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba (300K), gushimishwa nubushyuhe bizatuma electron zimwe zo hanze zibona imbaraga zihagije zo gutandukana na covalent bond hanyuma ziba electroni yubuntu, iyi nzira yitwa kwishima imbere. Nyuma ya electron idahambiriye kugirango ibe electron yubuntu, hasigaye umwanya mubisanduku bya covalent. Uyu mwanya witwa umwobo. Kugaragara k'umwobo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi gitandukanya igice cya kabiri n'umuyoboro.

Iyo umubare muto wumwanda wa pentavalent nka fosifore wongeyeho muri semiconductor yimbere, izaba ifite electron yinyongera nyuma yo gukora covalent hamwe nandi atome ya semiconductor. Iyi electron yinyongera ikenera imbaraga nkeya cyane kugirango ikureho ubumwe kandi ibe electron yubuntu. Ubu bwoko bwa semiconductor bwanduye bwitwa semiconductor (N-semiconductor). Nyamara, wongeyeho umubare muto wimyanda yibintu (nka boron, nibindi) mumasoko ya semiconductor, kuko ifite electroni eshatu gusa murwego rwo hanze, nyuma yo gukora isano ya covalent hamwe na atome ya semiconductor ikikije, bizatera umwanya. muri kristu. Ubu bwoko bwa semiconductor bwanduye bwitwa umwobo wa semiconductor (P-semiconductor). Iyo N-ubwoko bwa P na P-semiconductor bihujwe, habaho itandukaniro muguhuza electroni yubusa hamwe nu mwobo aho bihurira. Byombi bya elegitoroniki nu mwobo bikwirakwizwa mu cyerekezo cyo hasi, hasigara ion zishyizwemo ariko zidafite imbaraga zangiza kutabogama kwamashanyarazi kwambere mu turere twa N na P. Utwo duce twimuka twimuka twakunze kwitwa kwishyuza umwanya, kandi byegeranijwe hafi yimbere yakarere ka N na P kugirango bibe agace gato cyane k'umwanya wo mu kirere, uzwi nka PN ihuza.

Iyo imbere ya bias voltage ikoreshwa kumpande zombi zihuza PN (voltage nziza kuruhande rumwe rwubwoko bwa P), umwobo na electroni yubusa bigenda bizenguruka, bigakora umurima wamashanyarazi imbere. Imyobo mishya yashizwemo noneho yongeye kwiyunga na electroni yubusa, rimwe na rimwe ikarekura ingufu zirenze muburyo bwa fotone, nirwo rumuri tubona rusohotse. Ikirangantego ni gito, kandi kubera ko buri kintu gifite icyuho gitandukanye, uburebure bwumurongo wa fotone yasohotse buratandukanye, bityo amabara yibitereko agenwa nibikoresho fatizo byakoreshejwe.