Amabwiriza agenga amasoko: Impamyabushobozi z'ibanze zisabwa ku matara ya USB yoherezwa mu Burayi no muri Amerika.

Intangiriro

Ku baguzi bashaka amasokoAmatara yo mu mutwe ya USBKu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kugenzura ubuziranenge bitangirira ku gusobanukirwa ibyemezo byemewe, ibishingiye ku miyoboro, n'uko bifitanye isano n'umutekano w'ibicuruzwa, kwemererwa kwa gasutamo, n'uburyo bifitanye isano n'umutekano w'ibicuruzwa, kwemererwa kwa gasutamo, n'uburyo bifitanye isano n'umutekano w'ibicuruzwa. Kubera ko ibi bicuruzwa bihuza amatara ya LED, imiyoboro yo gusharija, na bateri za lithium-ion, kubahiriza amategeko ntibigarukira gusa ku kirango kimwe cyangwa raporo y'ibizamini. Iyi ngingo igaragaza amahame y'ingenzi amakipe ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kugenzura mbere yo gutanga komande, igasobanura icyo buri cyemezo gikubiyemo, kandi ikagaragaza uburyo isuzuma ry'inyandiko rikwiye rigabanya ibyago byo kwirukanwa, ikiguzi cy'ingwate, n'uburyo abatumiza n'abacuruzi bahura nabyo.

Impamvu kugenzura ubuziranenge ari byo bigena intsinzi mu kugura amatara ya USB

Mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, kugenzura ubuziranenge ni inkingi y’ingenzi yo gutanga serivisi, cyane cyane ku bikoresho by’amatara bitwarwa bikoresha uturemangingo twa lithium-ion dufite ingufu nyinshi.Amatara yo mu mutwe ya USBByavuye ku bikoresho byoroshye bikoresha batiri bijya mu bikoresho bigoye bya optoelectronic bihuza amatara ya LED agezweho, amashami meza yacapwe (PCBAs), na sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Ku matsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko areba amasoko yo mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika agenzurwa cyane, kwishingikiriza gusa ku isuzuma ry'ubwiza cyangwa imikorere y'ibanze ni ikosa rikomeye mu bya strategiya. Amasezerano yo kugenzura ubuziranenge ntabwo agena gusa igihe cyo gukora k'umusaruro ahubwo anagena uburyo ikigo gitumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kigomba kwirwanaho mu mategeko.

Guhuza umutekano w'amashanyarazi, imicungire y'ubushyuhe, n'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko y'imiti ni imbogamizi ikomeye ku kwinjira muri izi nzego. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bafite inshingano zemewe n'amategeko zo kubahiriza amategeko y'ibicuruzwa, bivuze ko kunanirwa kose mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'uruganda bishobora gushyira umuguzi mu bibazo bikomeye by'imari n'izina rye. Gushyiraho amahame agenga amasoko akomeye ntabwo ari igikorwa cya kabiri cy'imikorere, ahubwo ni ingamba y'ibanze yo kugabanya ibyago itandukanya gahunda zirambye zo kugurisha n'ibiza byo gusubizwa ibicuruzwa mu buryo butunguranye.

Ingaruka z'umuguzi, ibisabwa kuri channel, n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya garanti

Imigabane y'ubucuruzi ijyanye no kugura amatara ya USB irarenga kure ikiguzi cya mbere cy'imigabane. Ingaruka z'umuguzi zishingiye cyane ku nshingano z'ibicuruzwa no kubahiriza amategeko, cyane cyane iyo bitanga abacuruzi bo mu cyiciro cya mbere cyangwa urubuga rukomeye rw'ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti. Imiyoboro minini y'ubucuruzi ubu ishyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye yo kubahiriza amategeko y'abacuruzi ategeka amakuru yuzuye y'ibizamini by'abandi mbere yo kwinjira mu bubiko. Kudatanga inyandiko zemeza ko ibicuruzwa bishobora kwemezwa akenshi bivamo gukurwa ku rutonde ako kanya, ububiko bugahagarara, ndetse no kwishyurwa amafaranga ashobora kurenza agaciro k'ibiciro bya mbere by'ibiciro.

Byongeye kandi, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ingwate rigaragaza ko inyungu igabanuka cyane, akenshi idakunze kugaragara. Mu matara yo hanze n’inganda, igipimo cyemewe cy’igabanuka ry’ibiciro gikunze kugabanywaho 1.5%. Iyo igipimo cy’igabanuka kirenze iki gipimo cy’ibanze bitewe no gushongesha bateri mu buryo budakwiye, kwangirika vuba kwa bateri, cyangwa kwinjira mu mazi, ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho gisubira inyuma—harimo no gucunga serivisi ku bakiliya, kohereza ibicuruzwa mu buryo bworoshye, no gusimbuza ibikoresho—bishobora gukuraho inyungu y’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa byose. Gahunda ikomeye yo kugenzura ubuziranenge igenzura ko ubwishingizi bw’ingwate bugumaho kandi ko umubano w’imiyoboro ukomeza kubungabungwa.

Imiterere y'ibicuruzwa by'amatara ya USB afite ibyago byinshi

Itara rimwe na rimwe rya USBImiterere y’ibikoresho itera ibyago byinshi cyane kandi isaba kugenzura ubuziranenge mu buryo buhamye. Ibikoresho bikoresha ibipimo by’imikorere ikabije, nk’ibisohoka birenga lumens 1.000, bishyira imbaraga nyinshi mu bushyuhe mu miterere y’imbere. Muri izi moderi zitanga umusaruro mwinshi, kutagira uburyo bwo gucunga ubushyuhe bukora, nka thermistors za Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) zashyizweho kugira ngo zikore throttle output iyo ubushyuhe bw’imbere burenze dogere selisiyusi 60, bishobora gutera kwangirika gukabije kwa LED cyangwa litiyumu-ion thermal runaway.

Ikindi kandi, imiterere ikoresha utunyangingo tudafite ikirango cyangwa dupakiye cyane dufite ubushobozi bwinshi (nk'imiterere ya 18650 cyangwa 21700) ihujwe n'utunyangingo tw'ibanze two gusharija. Amatara yo hejuru adafite utunyangingo twigenga two gusharija cyane n'utunyangingo two gusharija cyane kuri PCBA no kuri bateri ubwayo ni yo azahura n'ingorane. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gushyira izi moderi zifite ubushobozi bwinshi mu byiciro nk'umutungo ufite ibyago byinshi, agasaba ko igenzura ry'inganda rikorwa neza, isuzuma ry'icyitegererezo ryagutse, no kubahiriza amahame yemewe y'umutekano w'amashanyarazi mbere yo kwemerera umusaruro mwinshi.

Impamyabumenyi n'amabwiriza asabwa

Kohereza amatara yo mu bwoko bwa USB hanzeKugeza i Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bisaba kunyura mu buryo butandukanye mu mategeko n'amahame ngenderwaho ya tekiniki. Izi gahunda zo kubahiriza amategeko zigamije kurinda abaguzi impanuka y'amashanyarazi, ibyago by'inkongi y'umuriro, kwivanga kw'amashanyarazi n'ibinyabutabire byangiza. Abahanga mu by'amasoko bagomba gufata izi mpamyabumenyi atari nk'ibitekerezo nyuma yo gukora, ahubwo nk'ibisabwa by'ingenzi biri mu busabe bwa mbere bwo gutanga ibiciro (RFQ).

Imiterere y’amategeko y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi na Amerika ikora ku mahame y’amategeko atandukanye n’ibipimo bya tekiniki, nyamara byombi bisaba inyandiko zihamye. Gusobanukirwa neza aya mabwiriza bituma amakipe atanga amasoko ashobora gusuzuma neza ubushobozi bw’abatanga ibicuruzwa, agahitamo abacuruzi batubahiriza amategeko mu ntangiriro z’igikorwa cyo gushakisha ibicuruzwa, no guteganya neza ikiguzi cyose cy’ibicuruzwa.

Inshingano za CE, RoHS, REACH, WEEE, n'ibijyanye no gupakira

Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi utegeka gukurikiza amabwiriza menshi mbere yuko ibicuruzwa biba bifite ikimenyetso cya CE mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko. Ku matara ya USB, ibi bikubiyemo cyane cyane amabwiriza ya Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) (2014/30/EU), agenzura ko igikoresho kidasohora amashanyarazi menshi cyangwa ngo kigire ingaruka mbi ku buryo bukabije. Nubwo ibikoresho bya USB bifite voltage nkeya (ubusanzwe bikora kuri 5V) akenshi biba hanze y’amabwiriza y’ibanze ya Low Voltage Directive (LVD), amabwiriza rusange y’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa (GPSD) aracyashyira mu bikorwa umutekano w’ibanze w’amashanyarazi, akenshi yerekeza ku mahame ya EN 62368-1 ku bateri n’imiyoboro yo gushyushya.

Iyubahirizwa ry’imiti n’ibidukikije muri EU ringana n’iryo. Amabwiriza ya RoHS 3 abuza ibintu icumi biteza akaga, harimo no gushyiraho igipimo ntarengwa cya 0.1% by’uburemere (1.000 ppm) kuri lead, mercure, na phthalate zihariye mu bikoresho bihuye. Muri icyo gihe, itegeko rya REACH risaba gukurikirana buri gihe ibintu bihangayikishije cyane (SVHCs), urutonde rurenze imiti 240 ubu. Hanyuma, abatumiza ibicuruzwa bagomba kubahiriza Amabwiriza ya WEEE yo kugarura imyanda y’ikoranabuhanga n’Amabwiriza yo gupakira mu gace, agena imisanzu yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho n’ibisabwa byihariye byo gushyiraho ibirango (nk’ikirango cya Triman mu Bufaransa) hashingiwe ku ngano y’ibikoresho bishyirwa ku isoko.

Inzira za FCC, UL cyangwa ETL, n'ibipimo bya CPSIA

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kugenzura amategeko biratandukanye mu nzego za leta, amategeko ya leta, n'amahame agenga inganda. Ku rwego rwa leta, Komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho ya Leta (FCC) ishyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y'igice cya 15 cy'igice cya B, asaba isuzuma kugira ngo imikorere y'itara ry'imbere ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi idatera ingaruka mbi ku maradiyo. Nubwo Amerika idafite uburyo bwo kwemeza ko ikimenyetso cya CE gikoreshwa mu mutekano rusange, isoko ryishingikiriza cyane kuri Laboratwari zemewe ku rwego rw'igihugu (NRTLs) nka UL, ETL, cyangwa CSA kugira ngo igabanye inshingano.

Ku matara yo mu mutwe ya USB, kubona icyemezo cya UL 1598 (Luminaires) cyangwa UL 62368-1 (Amajwi/Amashusho, Amakuru n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho) bitanga ubwunganizi bukomeye ku kirego cy'ubwishyu bw'ibicuruzwa. Byongeye kandi, umutekano wa bateri ya lithiamu-ion ugengwa n'amahame ya UL 2054 na UL 1642. Iyo itara ryo mu mutwe rigurishwa ku bana bari munsi y'imyaka 12 cyangwa riboneka byoroshye, rigengwa n'Itegeko ryo Kunoza Umutekano w'Ibicuruzwa by'Abaguzi (CPSIA), rigabanya cyane uburemere bw'ubushyuhe ku gipimo cya 90 ppm n'ubwinshi bw'ubushyuhe ku gipimo cya 100 ppm, bigasaba isuzuma rya laboratwari yemewe na CPSC.

Gutegura icyemezo cy'itsinda rishinzwe gutanga amasoko

Kugira ngo ibi bisabwa bishyirwe mu bikorwa, amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gukoresha ikarita y’impamyabushobozi ihamye. Ubu buryo buhuza isoko ry’intego n’amabwiriza akenewe yo gupima, kugira ngo hatabaho ibibazo by’amategeko mbere yuko ibikoresho n’umusaruro bitangira. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igaragaza isesengura rigereranya ry’ibisabwa by’ingenzi mu nzego zombi.

Umutekano wa batiri, imiterere yo gusharija, no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'uruganda

Ishingiro ry'itara rya USB rigezweho ni imbaraga zaryo n'imiterere yaryo yo gusharija. Bateri za Lithium-ion na lithium-polymer zitanga ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo zikoreshe amatara ya LED akora neza cyane, ariko kandi zitera ingaruka zikomeye ku bushyuhe n'imiti iyo zidacunzwe neza. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kwemeza umutekano wa bateri no gushushanya gusharija ni cyo cyiciro cy'ingenzi cyane mu gupima ibicuruzwa.

Igenzura ry’ubuziranenge ku rwego rw’uruganda rigomba kuva ku igenzura ry’amaso rigaragarira amaso kugera ku gupima ibintu bishingiye ku mibare. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gutegeka ingingo zihariye zo gupima no kwihanganira ibintu mu masezerano y’abatanga ibicuruzwa, akareba ko buri cyiciro cy’umusaruro cyubahiriza neza ibipimo by’imikorere by’icyitegererezo cy’izahabu cyemewe.

Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi bya tekiniki n'ingingo z'ibizamini

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki bigomba gusobanurwa neza mu masezerano yo gutanga amasoko kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho urujijo. Ku bijyanye n'imiyoboro yo gushyushya ya lithiamu-ion, ingingo z'ingenzi zo gupima zireba uburyo ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya zikoreshwa. Igipimo cyo kurinda ingufu zirenze urugero kigomba gupimwa neza; ku ngirabuzimafatizo ya lithiamu ya 3.7V, IC yo gushyushya igomba guhagarika ingufu kuri 4.25V ± 0.05V. Kurenga iki gipimo byongera cyane ibyago byo kwangirika kwa lithiamu no guhindagurika k'ubushyuhe. Ku rundi ruhande, guhagarara k'amashanyarazi arenze urugero bigomba gushyirwaho bitarenze 2.75V kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika k'ubushobozi budasubirwaho.

Kuramba kw'umubiri no kudahura n'ibidukikije nabyo bisaba ahantu hashobora gupimwa. Isuzuma ry'ibitonyanga rigomba gukorwa kuva kuri metero 1.5 kugeza kuri 2.0 ku buso bwa sima, rikagira ingaruka ku miterere myinshi kugira ngo harebwe ubuziranenge bw'imiterere n'uburyo bateri zibikwa. Kugira ngo habeho gufunga ibidukikije, igipimo cyo Kurinda Kwinjira (IP) kigomba kwemezwa binyuze mu isuzuma risanzwe. Igipimo cya IPX4 gisaba kurindwa amazi aturuka mu cyerekezo icyo ari cyo cyose mu gihe cy'iminota 5, mu gihe igipimo cya IP68 gisaba gukomeza kwinjizwa mu mazi arenga metero 1 y'ubujyakuzimu, bigasaba ko habaho imvange yihariye y'ibikomoka ku biti hamwe n'uburyo bwo kwihanganira imigozi ya silicone O-ring.

Isuzuma rya bateri ryifashishijwe mu buryo buhuriweho ugereranije n'iry'ishobora gusimburwa

Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko ahanganye n'icyemezo cy'ingenzi cy'ubwubatsi hagati y'udupaki twa bateri (dufunze) dufunze n'imiterere y'uturemangingo dushobora gusimburwa n'abakoresha. Imiterere ihujwe, akenshi ikoresha udupaki twa lithium-polymer twihariye, ituma amatara yo mu mutwe aba magufi kandi afite imiterere ihamye kandi akoreshwa neza, ndetse no kwirinda amazi mu buryo budasanzwe. Ariko, ubwiza bw'uturemangingo tw'imbere ni ingenzi cyane, kuko kwangirika vuba bituma igikoresho cyose kidakora neza. Amabwiriza agenga amasoko ya bateri zihujwe agomba gusaba ko ubuzima bw'uturemangingo bugera nibura kuri 500 mbere yuko ubushobozi bugabanuka munsi ya 80% by'isuzuma rya mbere.

Imiterere ya bateri zishobora gusimburwa, akenshi ikoresha utunyangingo twa silinda twa 18650 cyangwa 21700, itanga akamaro kanini ko gukora mu murima no koroshya uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha mu gihe cy'ubuzima. Aha hibandwa ku kugenzura ubuziranenge, hibandwa ku mikoranire ya mekanike n'imiterere y'aho bateri iherereye. Imikoranire ya zahabu cyangwa nikeli nini ikoreshwa mu gupfuka ni ngombwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko hashobora guhagarara neza no kugumana uburyo bwo guhuza mu gihe cy'ihindagurika rikomeye. Byongeye kandi, imiyoboro y'imbere y'itara igomba kuba irimo uburinzi bwa polarity kugira ngo hirindwe ko hashobora kubaho imiyoboro migufi itera ibyago iyo umukoresha ashyize bateri nabi.

Kwemeza uruganda, kugenzura mbere yo kohereza, no kugenzura inyandiko

Imiterere y’ibicuruzwa ikomeye cyane ishobora kwangirika bitewe n’imikorere mibi y’inganda, bigatuma kwemeza uruganda biba icyiciro cy’ingenzi cyo kugura. Mbere yuko umusaruro utangira, inzira zo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’imbere mu ruganda zigomba kugenzurwa. Ibi birimo kugenzura uburyo imiterere y’ibice byabyo bihuriramo kugira ngo bipimwe urumuri rw’umutuku no kwemeza ko bifite utubati two gusaza bateri twikora kugira ngo byemeze imikorere y’uturemangingo mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe.

Igenzura mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa rigomba gukurikiza amahame ngenderwaho yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga yo gupima ibizamini, ubusanzwe ANSI/ASQ Z1.4. Urutonde rw’igenzura rihamye rukoresha Urwego Rusange rw’Igenzura, hamwe n’Imipaka y’Ubwiza bwemewe (AQL) ishyirwa kuri 0 ku nenge zikomeye (urugero: amakabutura y’amashanyarazi, insinga zagaragaye), 1.5 ku nenge zikomeye (urugero: amatara adakora, gusharija byananiranye), na 4.0 ku nenge nto (urugero: gushwanyagurika gato k’ubwiza). Byongeye kandi, umucuruzi agomba kugenzura neza inyandiko, agatanga ibisubizo byuzuye by’ibizamini byo gutwika—nk’uko gukoresha amatara yo mu mutwe ku gipimo cya 100% mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 48 ku bushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 45—kugira ngo hamenyekane amakosa y’ikoranabuhanga mbere y’uko ibicuruzwa bishyirwa mu bubiko.

Impamyabumenyi y'umutanga serivisi, inyandiko, n'amategeko agenga imicungire y'ibikoresho

Guhindura imiterere y'ibicuruzwa ukajya mu musaruro munini bisaba isuzuma ryimbitse ry'umufatanyabikorwa mu nganda. Impamyabushobozi y'umutanga si ugukora ibiciro gusa; ni igenzura ry'igihe umucuruzi ageze mu kigo, igenzura ry'imikorere, n'ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ibisabwa bigoye kubahiriza. Kunanirwa kw'umutanga ibicuruzwa kubahiriza aya mahame bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bitinda gutwarwa, ibicuruzwa bifatirwa muri gasutamo, cyangwa bigatera kwangirika gukomeye mu murima.

Ikindi kandi, ingenzi ni ugucunga ibikoresho n'inyandiko. Itwarwa mpuzamahanga ry'ibicuruzwa birimo bateri za lithiamu-iyoni rigenzurwa cyane n'inzego zishinzwe iby'indege n'amazi ku isi. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kwemeza ko umutanga ibicuruzwa wujuje ibisabwa afite ubuhanga buhanitse mu gukora impapuro zisabwa zubahiriza amategeko no kubahiriza amabwiriza akomeye yo gupakira kugira ngo byorohereze ubwikorezi bwambukiranya imipaka.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kwemeza umutanga serivisi n'ubushobozi bwo gupima

Kwemerwa n'umutanga serivisi bigomba gushingira ku bwumvikane bugaragara mu gucunga ubuziranenge, akenshi bigaragazwa n'icyemezo cya ISO 9001:2015 gitangwa n'umwanditsi wemewe. Uretse kubahiriza amategeko y'ibanze ya ISO, amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'uruganda mu isuzuma ry'imbere. Uruganda rukora amatara ya USB rwujuje ibisabwa rugomba kuba rufite ibikoresho bikenewe kugira ngo rukore igenzura rya PCBA risanzwe (AOI), gupima ubushobozi bwa bateri, no gupima icyumba cy'ibidukikije rudashingiye gusa ku ma laboratwari y'abandi.

Guhuza ubucuruzi nabyo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi gisabwa. Abaguzi bagomba gusuzuma niba umubare muto w’ibikoresho by’uruganda (MOQ) uhuye n’ibipimo by’ubuziranenge busabwa. Gushyira mu bikorwa imiterere yihariye ya QA, ibikoresho byihariye, no gushakisha ibice byihariye akenshi bisaba MOQ iri hagati ya 1.000 na 3.000. Abatanga ibicuruzwa bitanga MOQ nke cyane ku bicuruzwa "byemewe" akenshi bagurisha ibicuruzwa bidafite ishingiro aho umuguzi atabona neza ibikoresho cyangwa imiterere y’ibice by’imbere.

Inyandiko zisabwa mbere yo gutanga no kohereza itumiza

Kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago, amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gushyira mu bikorwa inzira ikomeye yo kwandika inyandiko. Nta tegeko ryo kugura rigomba kurangizwa hatabayeho inyandiko irambuye kandi ifunze y’ibikoresho (BOM) igaragaza ikirango nyacyo n’icyitegererezo cy’ibice by’ingenzi, nka LED emitter (urugero: Cree, Osram), IC yo gusharija, n’uruganda rwihariye rwa litiyumu-iyoni. Ibi birinda ko inganda zisanzwe zikoresha uburyo bwo gusimbuza ibice mu buryo butemewe mu gihe cyo gukora ibintu byinshi, bishobora gutuma ibyemezo by’umutekano byabonetse mbere bita agaciro.

Mbere yo gutangaza ibicuruzwa bya nyuma no kwemerera kwishyura amafaranga asigaye, umucuruzi agomba gutanga ipaki yuzuye y’inyandiko. Ku byoherezwa mu mahanga by’i Burayi, ibi birimo Itangazo ryemewe ry’Ubuziranenge (DoC) ryashyizweho umukono n’uruganda, rigaragaza neza amabwiriza akurikizwa n’amahame ngenderwaho ya EN. Byongeye kandi, umuguzi agomba kubika raporo y’ikizamini cya UN38.3 n’urupapuro rw’amakuru y’umutekano w’ibikoresho (MSDS) ku gishushanyo cyihariye cya bateri cyakoreshejwe mu ikorwa, cyanditswe mu mwaka ushize, kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa na gasutamo n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.

Amategeko agenga ubwikorezi bwa bateri, ibirango, no kuramba kw'ibipfunyika

Uburyo amatara ya USB akoreshwa mu gutwara imizigo bugengwa n'amategeko akaze agenga ibicuruzwa biteje akaga bitewe n'ingufu za litiyumu-iyoni. Ku bijyanye n'ubwikorezi bw'indege, IATA ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko akaze yerekeye imiterere y'umuriro wa bateri (SoC). Bateri zigomba koherezwa kuri SoC iri munsi ya 30% by'ubushobozi bwazo kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago byo gutwarwa n'ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo kuguruka. Gupakira bigomba kandi kwihanganira ibizamini byihariye byo kugwa no gukoresha amakarito akomeye yo hanze kugira ngo birinde gushwanyagurika cyangwa gutobora.

Uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo byo gutanga amasoko mu rwego rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge no kwemeza

Abahanga mu by'amasoko bagomba guhuza amabwiriza agenga igenzura, amakuru agenga ubuziranenge, n'ukuri kw'ubucuruzi mu buryo buhamye bwo gufata ibyemezo. Intego ni ukugereranya ikiguzi cy'impamyabushobozi ihamye no kwemeza ubuziranenge n'ingaruka z'igihe kirekire z'imari zo kutubahiriza amategeko no kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa. Uru rwego rusaba gusobanura neza ibitegetswe n'amategeko, ibisabwa n'abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi, n'ibigaragaza ishoramari mu rwego rw'ishoramari mu bicuruzwa.

Amaherezo, urwego rw'ishoramari mu kugenzura ubuziranenge rugomba guhuzwa n'aho ibicuruzwa biherereye ku isoko ndetse n'uburyo ikigo gitumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kihanganira ingaruka. Gufata kubahiriza amategeko nk'igipimo gihindagurika aho gufata agasanduku k'igenzura ka kabiri bituma amakipe atanga amasoko akoresha umutungo neza, akareba ko SKU zifite ibyago byinshi kandi zifite umubare munini zihabwa ubugenzuzi buhanitse mu gihe zigumana ibiciro bishimishije.

Gushyira imbere ibyemezo by'amategeko n'ibisabwa n'abacuruzi

Icyiciro cya mbere cy’urwego rw’imyanzuro y’amasoko kigamije gushyira imbere ibyemezo by’amategeko bitegetswe. Muri EU, kudatanga inyandiko zemewe za CE (zikubiyemo EMC na RoHS byibuze) bishobora gutuma habaho ifatwa ry’agateganyo rya gasutamo n’amande yo kutubahiriza amategeko ashobora kugera ku mayero 50.000 kuri buri cyaha bitewe n’igihugu kigize umuryango. Izi nyandiko z’ibanze ntizishobora kuganirwaho kandi zigomba gushyirwa mu byiciro bya mbere byo gushakisha ibicuruzwa, kuko ibizamini bya laboratwari bishobora kongera ibyumweru 3 kugeza kuri 6 mu gihe cyo gutanga amasoko.

Uretse amategeko agenga ibicuruzwa, ibisabwa n’imiyoboro y’ubucuruzi akenshi bigena uburyo bwo hejuru bwo kwemeza. Inzego zikomeye z’ubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki, nka Amazon, ubu zishyira mu bikorwa politiki y’umutekano ku bikoresho bikoresha lithium-ion. Kugerageza gushyira ahagaragara itara rya USB hatabayeho gutanga raporo z’ibizamini bya UL 2054 cyangwa IEC 62133 biva muri laboratwari yemewe na ISO 17025 akenshi bituma habaho kugabanya urutonde rw’ibikoresho. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gushyira ku rutonde rw’amabwiriza y’amategeko y’abacuruzi bagamije kubahiriza amabwiriza mbere yo kurangiza kugena imiterere y’ibicuruzwa n’umucuruzi wo mu mahanga.

Iyo ishoramari ryihariye rikenewe mbere y'igihe

Hari ibihe bitandukanye aho gushora imari mu byemezo by’ubushake kandi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bitanga inyungu ikomeye ku ishoramari. Gukurikirana icyemezo cyuzuye cya NRTL (nk'ikimenyetso cya UL cyangwa ETL) ku itara ry’imbere muri Amerika bisaba amafaranga menshi y’ibanze—ubusanzwe hiyongeraho $3.000 kugeza $5.000 kuri buri SKU mu igerageza no gutanga amafaranga yo gukora, hamwe n’amafaranga ahoraho yo kugenzura uruganda buri gihembwe. Ariko, ku bigo by’ubucuruzi, inganda, cyangwa ibigo byo hanze bigezweho, iri shoramari rikunze kuba rifite ishingiro.

Ikimenyetso cya NRTL cyemewe gihita kifungura uburyo bwo kugera ku masosiyete y’ubucuruzi akoresha Tier-1 adakurikiza politiki yo kutihanganira ikoranabuhanga ridafite ibyangombwa. Byongeye kandi, amashami ashinzwe amasoko y’ibigo mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, ubwubatsi, n’ibigo by’imirimo ifitiye akamaro asaba cyane ko aya manota akurikizwa mu kubahiriza umutekano w’akazi. Byongeye kandi, kugira ibyemezo by’umutekano byo ku rwego rwo hejuru bishobora kugabanya cyane amafaranga y’ubwishingizi bw’ibicuruzwa by’ibigo—akenshi bigabanyiriza 15% kugeza kuri 20% by’ikiguzi cya politiki cya buri mwaka—bityo bigabanyiriza amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu igerageza rya mbere mu gihe cyose ibicuruzwa bimara.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu zo kugenzura ubuziranenge
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni izihe certification zisanzwe zisabwa ku matara ya USB agurishwa mu Burayi?

Nibura, reba niba amategeko agenga CE yubahirizwa, niba amategeko ya RoHS, REACH, na WEEE yubahirizwa, hamwe n’amategeko agenga gupakira aho bikenewe. Saba gutanga raporo z’ibizamini bihuye n’amategeko mbere yo gutanga amabwiriza.

Ni ibihe byemezo abaguzi bagomba kugenzura ku bijyanye n'amatara ya USB yinjira muri Amerika?

Emeza ibizamini by’umutekano w’amashanyarazi bihari, ibisabwa na FCC kugira ngo amashanyarazi ahuzwe n’uko akoreshwa mu gutwara bateri. Saba raporo zigezweho za laboratwari zijyanye n’icyitegererezo nyacyo n’imiterere ya bateri.

Kuki umutekano wa batiri ari ikibazo gikomeye cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'amatara ya USB?

Uturemangingo twa lithium-ion dushobora kongera gusharijwa dushobora gushyuha cyane, kubyimba, cyangwa kwangirika niba imiyoboro yo gusharija no kurinda idakomeye. Emeza ko amashanyarazi arenze urugero, amashanyarazi arenze urugero, n'ubushyuhe buri mu ipaki ya bateri na PCBA.

Ni izihe nyandiko amakipe ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gukusanya ku batanga serivisi?

Shaka Itangazo ry’Ubuziranenge, raporo z’ibizamini by’umuntu wa gatatu, inyandiko z’ibikoresho, ibipimo bya bateri, amakuru ajyanye n’ibipaki, n’inyandiko za QC z’uruganda. Menya neza ko inyandiko zose zihuye na SKU ya nyuma, atari icyitegererezo gisa.

Ni gute abaguzi bashobora kugabanya garanti no gusubiza ibicuruzwa mu buryo butunguranye mbere yo kubibyaza umusaruro ku bwinshi?

Kora igenzura mbere yo kohereza, ibizamini by’ubwizerwe, no kwemeza ingero ku bikoresho bifite lumen nyinshi. Shyira intego z’ubusembwa munsi ya 1.5% kandi usabe ko hakorwa ibikorwa byo gukosora ku bijyanye no gushongesha, gusharija, no kwinjira mu bushuhe.